Chalceus Genus
The characid Chalceus genus includes species that are relatively common in rivers in the Amazon, the Orinoco watershed and the flooded areas of Guyana.
These fish reach up to 30 cm in length and are easily recognized for having a shiny silver body, red fins and large scales, attributes for which they are used in aquariums.
Géry recognized as valid only two species of Chalceus: Chalceus macrolepidotus and Chalceus erythrurus.
These two nominal forms were distinguished based on the color pattern, and mainly in the presence of a humeral stain on Chalceus erythrurus, which is absent on Chalceus macrolepidotus, together with differences in the color of the fins of the fish in life.
The Chalceus genus is diagnosed phylogenetically based on the following synapomorphies:
a) Presence of supramaxilla;
b) Three series of teeth on premaxilla;
c) Internal series of dentary teeth formed by a large symphyseal conical tooth followed by a gap and a series of smaller conical teeth;
d) Reduced anterolateral process of mesethmoid;
e) Scales situated dorsal to lateral line much larger than those ventral to it;
f) Relative size of scales along lateral line other than on caudal peduncle alternatively large and small. In addition, the combination of the following characters is useful to distinguish the species of Chalceus among characiforms: bright silvery body, red fins and short anal fin.
After a taxonomic review, the neotropical characid fish of the genus Chalceus Cuvier, 1817, had a total of 5 recognized species (including three new species): Chalceus epakros, Chalceus guaporensis, Chalceus spilogyros, Chalceus macrolepidotus and Chalceus erythrurus.
Below are links to more known species:
Identification Key for the species of the Chalceus genus:
1 - Absence of distinct spots or conspicuous stripes of dark pigmentation on body (except for wide and inconspicuous longitudinal band formed by chromatophores located superficially in the skin in some specimens during reproductive period) ...........................................Chalceus macrolepidotus
1 " - Presence of dark pigmentation forming humeral spots or stripes ................................................................................2
2 - Humeral spot absent or poorly defined, round to vertically elongate and located deep under scales; presence of narrow longitudinal dark stripe from posterodorsal margin of opercle to caudal peduncle; snout relatively acute; median fontanel between frontals and parietals absent .................................................................................4
2 " - Presence of conspicuous humeral spot, round in shape and located superficially beneath scales; lateral surface of body usually with reticulate pattern; snout rounded; median fontanel present between frontals and parietals ....................................................................3
3 - Humeral spot with notch on its posterodorsal margin; reticulate pattern of body coloration more evident along series of scales posterior to humeral blotch; pelvic and anal fins dark; caudal-fin lobes robust and rounded .................................................Chalceus erythrurus
3 " - Humeral spot without notch on its posterodorsal margin; reticulate pattern of body coloration uniformly distributed over lateral and dorsal portions of body; pelvic and anal fins hyaline; caudal-fin lobes elongate and slender .................................Chalceus spilogyros
4 - Number of branched pelvic-fin rays 7 .................Chalceus guaporensis
4 " - Number of branched pelvic-fin rays 8 ..............Chalceus epakros
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Get to know other species by clicking on the links below:
Crenicichla (Genus) - Pike Cichlid
Loricariidae (Family) - Plecos
Symphysodon discus (Varieties) - Wild Discus
Ornamental Fish from the Amazon
References:
INSTRUÇÃO NORMATIVA INTERMINISTERIAL N°1, DE 3 DE JANEIRO DE 2012. Diário Oficial da União – Seção I, Nº3, quarta-feira, 4 de janeiro de 2012, páginas 26 a 42 – ISSN 1677-7042 INI MPA-MMA (n01-2012 - Peixes Ornamentais Continentais.pdf)
Burt, A., D.L. Kramer, K. Nakatsuru and C. Spry, 1988. The tempo of reproduction in Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis (Characidae), with a discussion on the biology of 'multiple spawning' in fishes. Environ. Biol. Fish. 22(1):15-27.
Géry, J., 1977. Characoids of the world. Neptune City ; Reigate : T.F.H. [etc.]; 672 p. : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 23 cm.
Lima, F.C.T., L.R. Malabarba, P.A. Buckup, J.F. Pezzi da Silva, R.P. Vari, A. Harold, R. Benine, O.T. Oyakawa, C.S. Pavanelli, N.A. Menezes, C.A.S. Lucena, M.C.S.L. Malabarba, Z.M.S. Lucena, R.E. Reis, F. Langeani, C. Moreira et al. …, 2003. Genera Incertae Sedis in Characidae. p. 106-168. In R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander and C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil.
Lucena, C.A.S. and N.A. Menezes, 2003. Subfamily Characinae (Characins, tetras). p. 200-208. In R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander and C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil.
Mattox, G.M.T., Britz, R., Toledo-Piza, M. & Marinho, M.M.F. (2013): Cyanogaster noctivaga, a remarkable new genus and species of miniature fish from the Rio Negro, Amazon basin (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 23 (4) [2012]: 297-318.
Moreira, C.R. 2007. Relações filogenéticas na ordem Characiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). Tese de doutorado não publicada, Universidade de São Paulo, 468p.
Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.; Buckup P.A.: "Relationships of the Characidiinae and phylogeny of characiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi)", Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, L.R. Malabarba, R.E. Reis, R.P. Vari, Z.M. Lucena, eds. (Porto Alegre: Edipucr) 1998:123-144.
Planquette, P., P. Keith and P.-Y. Le Bail, 1996. Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de Guyane. Tome 1. Collection du Patrimoine Naturel Volume 22, MNHN, Paris & INRA, Paris. 429 p.
Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott, 1991. World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p.
Weitzman, M. and S.H. Weitzman, 2003. Lebiasinidae (Pencil fishes). p. 241-251. In R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander and C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil.
Weitzman, S.H. and L. Palmer, 1997. A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from Neblina region of Venezuela and Brazil, with comments on the putative 'rosy tetra clade'. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 7(3/4):209-242.
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Existem centenas de espécies e variações de peixes amazônico ornamentais.
Conheça algumas dessas espécies clicando em cima dos links:
Astronotus ocellatus - Acará-açu
Acarichthys heckelii - Acarazinho Requeu
Apistogramma (Gênero) - Acará Anão
Biotodoma cupido - Acará Salema
Biotecus opercularis - Acará Saracá
Caquetaia spectabilis - Acará Pérola
Carnegiella (Gênero Peixe-borboleta)
Carnegiella marthae - Peixe-borboleta-prateada
Carnegiella schereri - Peixe-borboleta-de-pontos
Carnegiella strigata - Peixe-borboleta-listrada
Chalceus (Gênero) - Peixe Araripirá
Chalceus erythrurus - Peixe Rabo de Fogo
Chalceus macrolepidotus - Peixe Arari Vermelho
Copella arnoldi - Peixe Piratantã
Gnathocharax steindachneri - Tetra-aruanã
Hemigrammus bleheri - Rodostomus
Hemigrammus stictus - Tetra Stictus
Hemiodus gracilis - Cruzeiro-do-Sul
Heterocharax macrolepis - Tetra Violeta
Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis - Tetra Cachimbo
Hyphessobrycon copelandi - Tetra Pena
Hyphessobrycon eque - Tetra Mato Grosso
Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis - Tetra Limão
Hyphessobrycon scutulatus - Tetra Ouro
Hyphessobrycon vilmae - Neon Chocolate
Leporinus fasciatu - Piau-flamengo
Nannostomus eque - Peixe-lápis Marrom
Nannostomus unifasciatus - Peixe-lápis 1 linha
Paracheirodon axelrodi - Tetra Cardinal
Paracheirodon innesi - Tetra Neon
Colomesus asellus - Baiacu Amazônico
Crenicichla (Gênero) - Jacundás
Crenicichla acutirostris - Jacundá Flamengo
Crenicichla johanna - Jacundá Olho de Fogo
Crenicichla lugubris - Jacundá Vermelho
Crenicichla macrophthalma - Jacundá Olhudo
Crenicichla marmorata - Jacundá de Mármore
Crenicichla regani - Jacundá de Folha
Crenicichla stocki - Jacundá da Linha Branca
Crenicichla strigata - Jacunda Riscado
Crenicichla vittata - Jacundá Banana
Dicrossus maculatus - Xadrezinho
Geophagus (Gênero) - Chaperema
Geophagus altifrons - Chaperema Amarelo
Geophagus megasema - Chaperema Vermelho
Geophagus proximus - Chaperema Mancha de Olho
Heros efasciatus - Acará Severo
Heros notatus - Acará Severo de Pontos
Heros severus - Acará Severo Peba
Laetacara curvicep - Acara curviceps
Loricariidae (Família) - Plecos
Baryancistrus sp. "L142" - Acari Bola Branca "LDA 33"
Farlowella amazona - Peixe Galho
Hemiancistrus sabaji "L075" - Acari Tigre de Bola
Hemiancistrus snethlageae "L141" - Acari Aba Branca
Hypancistrus sp. "L260" - Acari Pão
Hypancistrus sp. "L262" - Acari Pão Pigmentado
Hypancistrus sp. "L333" - Acari Pão Alenquer
Hypancistrus zebra - Acari Zebra
Hypostomus soniai "L137" - Acari Violeta
Leporacanthicus joselimai "L264" - Acari Onça
Panaque armbrusteri "L027" - Acari Boi de Bota
Panaque sp "L271" - Acari Cara de Pão
Peckoltia compta "L134" - Acari Picota Ouro
Peckoltia vittata "L015" - Acari Teoro
Pseudacanthicus sp. "L097" - AcarI Assacu
Pseudacanthicus sp. "L273" - Acari Red Titanic
Pseudacanthicus sp. "L273" - Acari Yellow Titanic
Pseudancistrus sp. "L259" - Acari Cara Chata
Scobinancistrus pariolispos "L133" - Acari Cotia
Spectracanthicus murinus - Acari Bicudo
Mesonauta festivus - Acará Festivo
Monocirrhus polyacanthus - Peixe Folha
Pterophyllum scalare - Acará Bandeira
Retroculus xinguensis - Acará Xinguensis
Satanoperca acuticeps - Acará 5 Pontos
Satanoperca jurupari - Acará Jurupari
Satanoperca lilith - Acará 3 Pontos
Satanoperca pappaterra - Acarazinho
Symphysodon aequifasciatus - Acará Disco
Symphysodon discus (Variedades) - Acará Disco
Symphysodon discus - BARRA MANSA
Symphysodon discus - BLUE FACE
Symphysodon discus - GRAY GREEN
Symphysodon discus - LAGO GRANDE
Symphysodon discus - ORANGE LAGO GRANDE
Symphysodon discus - SEMIROYAL
Taeniacara candidi - Torpedinho
Teleocichla proselytus - Jacundá da Pedra
Uaru amphiacanthoides - Acará Baru
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Na Amazônia, do século XIX, devido à cobiça pela borracha, Wawatu, cunhatã do clã Aruak, tem sua aldeia dizimada por brancos. Apesar de ser forçada a viajar para um local desconhecido, casar-se com guerreiro de origem Karib e sofrer com as diferenças de costumes de seus familiares, ela se apaixona.